Light and Sound Waves
FCAT Standard 47
SC.7.P.10.3 - Recognize that light waves, sound waves and other waves move at different speeds in different materials/ mediums. Also relate this to refraction and the term mirage.
Standard summary - Explain the relationship between the different types of waves in different mediums and how they get refracted.
Vocabulary
Electromagnetic wave- is a disturbance that involves the transfer of electric and magnetic energy
Index of refraction- how much the light bends in a medium
Wavelength- distance between the two crests of the same wave. Two ways a wave moves is transverse, or longitudinal
Sound wave- a wave that is formed when a sound is made by vibrating and carried though the air, longitudinal measured by decibels which travel 348 meter per second
Light wave- a wave that moves light, or the brightness of something through the air, transverse going
299,792,458 meters per second
Frequency- number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
Radio waves- electromagnetic waves with longer wavelengths and lower frequencies used for signals. (satellite)
Microwaves- shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than radio waves used in radar, communicating, and heating (Microwave)
infrared rays- electromagnetic waves with wavelengths shorter that microwaves used for remote controls, communications, heat, and astronomy (thermal imaging)
Visible light- electromagnetic waves that you can see from any object (rainbow)
ultraviolet rays- electromagnetic waves with wavelengths just shorter than those of visible light (sun emits some UV)
x-rays- electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet rays that can get absorbed by tissue and break down DNA (x-ray)
Gamma rays- electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelength and highest frequency (about
100,000 more electron volts
Medium- when light, sound, or any type of wave enters a new substance that lets the waves transfer energy from one location to another, sometimes changing their speeds. A vacuum doesn't allow sound to pass.
When light hits an object it can be...
Regular reflection- occurs when parallel rays of light hit a smooth surface bouncing off at the same angle
Diffuse reflection- occurs when parallel rays of light hit an uneven surface bouncing off at different angles
Absorbed-opaque objects (not transparent) will take the lights or soak it up
Refracted- when light rays enter a new medium at an angle, the change in speed causes the rays to bend giving an illusion to the eye
Mirage- an image of a distant object caused by a refraction of light
FCAT Standard 47
SC.7.P.10.3 - Recognize that light waves, sound waves and other waves move at different speeds in different materials/ mediums. Also relate this to refraction and the term mirage.
Standard summary - Explain the relationship between the different types of waves in different mediums and how they get refracted.
Vocabulary
Electromagnetic wave- is a disturbance that involves the transfer of electric and magnetic energy
Index of refraction- how much the light bends in a medium
Wavelength- distance between the two crests of the same wave. Two ways a wave moves is transverse, or longitudinal
Sound wave- a wave that is formed when a sound is made by vibrating and carried though the air, longitudinal measured by decibels which travel 348 meter per second
Light wave- a wave that moves light, or the brightness of something through the air, transverse going
299,792,458 meters per second
Frequency- number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
Radio waves- electromagnetic waves with longer wavelengths and lower frequencies used for signals. (satellite)
Microwaves- shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than radio waves used in radar, communicating, and heating (Microwave)
infrared rays- electromagnetic waves with wavelengths shorter that microwaves used for remote controls, communications, heat, and astronomy (thermal imaging)
Visible light- electromagnetic waves that you can see from any object (rainbow)
ultraviolet rays- electromagnetic waves with wavelengths just shorter than those of visible light (sun emits some UV)
x-rays- electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet rays that can get absorbed by tissue and break down DNA (x-ray)
Gamma rays- electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelength and highest frequency (about
100,000 more electron volts
Medium- when light, sound, or any type of wave enters a new substance that lets the waves transfer energy from one location to another, sometimes changing their speeds. A vacuum doesn't allow sound to pass.
When light hits an object it can be...
Regular reflection- occurs when parallel rays of light hit a smooth surface bouncing off at the same angle
Diffuse reflection- occurs when parallel rays of light hit an uneven surface bouncing off at different angles
Absorbed-opaque objects (not transparent) will take the lights or soak it up
Refracted- when light rays enter a new medium at an angle, the change in speed causes the rays to bend giving an illusion to the eye
Mirage- an image of a distant object caused by a refraction of light
Sound travels faster in more dense objects because the molecules are closer together so they have to travel a shorter distance to get to the next particle. S=F x W do find the speed of a wave in different mediums.
F= frequency W= wavelength
F= frequency W= wavelength
What looks like puddles on the road are light rays from the sky that are refracted to your eyes. What you see is a mirage. Light travels faster in hot air. The speed at which light travels through different mediums changes. Light travels slower through denser mediums. It travels slower through air than it does in a vacuum. light travels slower through glass or water than air. To find the speed of light S=c/n C= speed of light in a vacuum, N= index of refraction.
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Physical Properties of Stars
FCAT Standard 14
SC.7.P10.3- Describe and classify specific physical properties of stars: apparent magnitude (Brightness), temperature (color), size, and luminosity (absolute brightness).
Standard Summary- Explain the characteristics of different types of stars, like the size, color, temperature or brightness and classify them.
Vocabulary
Luminosity- the brightness or how much energy the star puts out
Apparent Magnitude- How bright a star looks like from earth
Absolute Magnitude- the actual amount of light a star gives off
Temperature/ color- In a fire the coolest part glows red, the hotter part in the middle glows yellow, and the hottest part near the fuel glows blue. Stars work the same way. Their temperature determines what color they are. A higher temperature causes them to burn their fuel faster.
Types of Stars
Yellow stars- Like the Sun, these medium-sized stars are yellow because they have a medium temperature . They will not live as long, only about 10 billion years. The apparent magnitude is -26.8 (m). Its absolute magnitude is 4.83 (m)
Blue stars- are large and compact, this causes them to burn their fuel quickly which in turn makes their temperature very hot. These stars often run out of fuel in only 10,000 - 100,000 years. They're extremely bright shining across great distances. These are the many stars we see at night because they shine so brightly.
Super Giant- masses from 8 to 12 times the sun and luminosity from about 10,000 to over a million times the Sun. The absolute magnitude is -7.5.
Giant star-It is about 20 times as massive as the sun about 14,000 times brighter than the Sun, and about 600 light-years from Earth.
Red Giant-near end of a stars life much of their hydrogen has been converted to helium. Helium sinks to the star's core and raises the star's temperature causing its outer shell to expand. 2,200 to 3,200 degrees Celsius and 100 to 1,000 times the size of the sun. The absolute magnitude is -2.5.
Blue Giant- extremely hot and bright, with surface temperatures of between 20,000 - 50,000 degrees Celsius. It has a mass of around 20 times that of the Sun and gives out more light than 60,000 suns added together
Dwarf star- are relatively small stars, up to 20 times larger than our sun and up to 20,000 times brighter.
White dwarfs- star shedding its outer layers and becoming a small, dense body which can cool for billions of years. The absolute magnitude is 10.
Red Dwarf-are smaller than our sun. Because of their small size, these stars burn their fuel very slowly, which allows them to live a very long time. This also causes these stars to not shine as brightly as others. They are not very hot compared to other stars living for trillions of years.
Black Star- eventually a stars will go dark and produce no energy.
FCAT Standard 14
SC.7.P10.3- Describe and classify specific physical properties of stars: apparent magnitude (Brightness), temperature (color), size, and luminosity (absolute brightness).
Standard Summary- Explain the characteristics of different types of stars, like the size, color, temperature or brightness and classify them.
Vocabulary
Luminosity- the brightness or how much energy the star puts out
Apparent Magnitude- How bright a star looks like from earth
Absolute Magnitude- the actual amount of light a star gives off
Temperature/ color- In a fire the coolest part glows red, the hotter part in the middle glows yellow, and the hottest part near the fuel glows blue. Stars work the same way. Their temperature determines what color they are. A higher temperature causes them to burn their fuel faster.
Types of Stars
Yellow stars- Like the Sun, these medium-sized stars are yellow because they have a medium temperature . They will not live as long, only about 10 billion years. The apparent magnitude is -26.8 (m). Its absolute magnitude is 4.83 (m)
Blue stars- are large and compact, this causes them to burn their fuel quickly which in turn makes their temperature very hot. These stars often run out of fuel in only 10,000 - 100,000 years. They're extremely bright shining across great distances. These are the many stars we see at night because they shine so brightly.
Super Giant- masses from 8 to 12 times the sun and luminosity from about 10,000 to over a million times the Sun. The absolute magnitude is -7.5.
Giant star-It is about 20 times as massive as the sun about 14,000 times brighter than the Sun, and about 600 light-years from Earth.
Red Giant-near end of a stars life much of their hydrogen has been converted to helium. Helium sinks to the star's core and raises the star's temperature causing its outer shell to expand. 2,200 to 3,200 degrees Celsius and 100 to 1,000 times the size of the sun. The absolute magnitude is -2.5.
Blue Giant- extremely hot and bright, with surface temperatures of between 20,000 - 50,000 degrees Celsius. It has a mass of around 20 times that of the Sun and gives out more light than 60,000 suns added together
Dwarf star- are relatively small stars, up to 20 times larger than our sun and up to 20,000 times brighter.
White dwarfs- star shedding its outer layers and becoming a small, dense body which can cool for billions of years. The absolute magnitude is 10.
Red Dwarf-are smaller than our sun. Because of their small size, these stars burn their fuel very slowly, which allows them to live a very long time. This also causes these stars to not shine as brightly as others. They are not very hot compared to other stars living for trillions of years.
Black Star- eventually a stars will go dark and produce no energy.
Stars are classified by their spectra (the elements that they absorb) and their temperature. The diagram above is called the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. There are seven main types of stars. In order of decreasing temperature, O, B, A, F, G, K, and M which is called the Morgan-Keenan spectral classification. As you can see the Red giant stars have a cooler temperature than the Blue giant stars even though they have a higher luminosity.
http://www.ezizka.net/astronomy/lessons/topicslesson08/topic01lesson08.htm
The brightness and the temperature of a star depends on a its size. The larger the size of a star the hotter it is and the more luminosity. The star is classified by the surface temperature.
The brightness and the temperature of a star depends on a its size. The larger the size of a star the hotter it is and the more luminosity. The star is classified by the surface temperature.
These are the different types of stars that have luminosity's ranging 300,000 to 0.06. The hotter a star is the higher the luminosity.